ΠΕΡΙ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΙΚΗΣ.

On Grammar. (γραμματική).

Γραμματική ἐστιν ἐμπειρία τῶν παρὰ ποιηταῖς τε καὶ συγγραφεῦσιν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ λεγομένων.
Grammar is an experimental knowledge (ἐμπειρία) of the usages of language as generally current among poets and prose writers.

Μέρη δὲ αὐτῆς εἰσὶν ἕξ·
It is divided into six parts:

πρῶτον ἀνάγνωσις ἐντριβὴς κατὰ προσῳδίαν, δεύτερον ἐξήγησις κατὰ τοὺς ἐνυπάρχοντας ποιητικοὺς τρόπους, τρίτον γλωσσῶν τε καὶ ἱστοριῶν πρόχειρος ἀπόδοσις, τέταρτον ἐτυμολογίας εὕρεσις, πέμπτον ἀναλογίας ἐκλογισμός, ἕκτον κρίσις ποιημάτων, ὃ δὴ κάλλιστόν ἐστι πάντων τῶν ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ.
trained reading with due regard to Prosody, explanation according to poetical figures, ready statement of dialectical peculiarities, and allusions (ἱστορίαι), discovery of Etymology, an accurate account of analogies, criticism of poetical productions, which is the noblest part of grammatic art.

ΠΕΡΙ ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΕΩΣ.

On Reading (ἀνάγνωσις).

Ἀνάγνωσίς ἐστι ποιημάτων ἢ συγγραμμάτων ἀδιάπτωτος προφορά.
Reading is the rendering of poetic or prose productions without stumbling or hesitancy.

Ἀναγνωστέον δὲ καθ᾽ ὑπόκρισιν, κατὰ προσῳδίαν, κατὰ διαστολήν·
It must be done with due regard to expression, prosody, and pauses.

ἐκ μὲν γὰρ τῆς ὑποκρίσεως τὴν ἀρετήν, ἐκ δὲ τῆς προσῳδίας τὴν τέχνην, ἐκ δὲ τῆς διαστολῆς τὸν περιεχόμενον νοῦν ὁρῶμεν·
Through the expression we learn the merit (ἀρετή) of the piece; from the prosody, the art of the reader; and from the pauses, the meaning intended to be conveyed.

ἵνα τὴν μὲν τραγῳδίαν ἡρωϊκῶς ἀναγνῶμεν, τὴν δὲ κωμῳδίαν βιωτικῶς, τὰ δὲ ἐλεγεῖα λιγυρῶς, τὸ δὲ ἔπος ἐντόνως, τὴν δὲ λυρικὴν ποίησιν ἐμμελῶς, τοὺς δὲ οἴκτους ὑφειμένως καὶ γοερῶς.
In this way we read tragedy heroically, comedy conversationally, elegiacs thrillingly, epics sustainedly, lyric poetry musically, and dirges softly and plaintively.

τὰ γὰρ μὴ παρὰ τὴν τούτων γινόμενα παρατήρησιν καὶ τὰς τῶν ποιητῶν ἀρετὰς καταῤῥίπτει καὶ τὰς ἕξεις τῶν ἀναγιγνωσκόντων καταγελάστους παρίστησι.
Any reading done without due observance of these rules degrades the merits of the poets and makes the habits of readers ridiculous.

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΝΟΥ.

On Tone (τόνος).

Τόνος ἐστὶ φωνῆς ἀπήχησις ἐναρμονίου, ἢ κατὰ ἀνάτασιν ἐν τῇ ὀξείᾳ, ἢ κατὰ ὁμαλισμὸν ἐν τῇ βαρείᾳ, ἢ κατά περίκλασιν ἐν τῇ περισπωμένῃ.
Tone is the resonance of a voice endowed with harmony. It is heightened in the acute, balanced in the grave, and broken in the circumflex.

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΤΙΓΜΗΣ.

On Punctuation (στιγμή).

Στιγμαί εἰσι τρεῖς, τελεία, μέση, ὑποστιγμή.
There are three punctuation marks: the full stop, the semicolon, and the comma.

καὶ ἡ μὲν τελεία στιγμή ἐστι διανοίας ἀπηρτισμένης σημεῖον, μέση δὲ σημεῖον πνεύματος ἕνεκεν παραλαμβανόμενον, ὑποστιγμὴ δὲ διανοίας μηδέπω ἀπηρτισμένης ἀλλ᾽ ἔτι ἐνδεούσης σημεῖον.
The full stop denotes that the sense is complete; the semicolon is a sign of where to take breath; the comma shows that the sense is not yet complete, but that something further must be added.

ΠΕΡΙ ΡΑΨΩΙΔΙΑΣ.

On Rhapsody (ῥαψῳδία).

Ῥαψῳδία ἐστὶ μέρος ποιήματος ἐμπεριειληφός τινα ὑπόθεσιν.
A Rhapsody is a part of a poem including a certain (definite) argument.

εἴρηται δὲ ῥαψῳδία, οἱονεὶ ῥαβδῳδία τις οὖσα, ἀπὸ τοῦ δαφνίνῃ ῥάβδῳ περιερχομένους ᾅδειν τὰ Ὁμήρου ποιήματα.
It is called a rhapsody, that is, rhabdody, because those who recited the Homeric poems were girt with a laurel branch (ῥάβδος).

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΟΥ.

On Elements (στοιχεῖα).

Γράμματά ἐστιν εἴκοσι τέσσαρα ἀπὸ τοῦ *α* μέχρι τοῦ *ω*.
There are twenty-four letters from α to ω.

γράμματα δὲ λέγεται διὰ τὸ γραμμαῖς καὶ ξυσμοῖς τυποῦσθαι· γράψαι γὰρ τὸ ξύσαι παρὰ τοῖς παλαιοῖς, ὡς καὶ παρ᾽ Ὁμήρῳ
They are called letters (γράμματα) from being formed of lines and scratches. For to write (γράψαι), among the ancients, meant to scratch (ξύσαι), as in Homer:

νῦν δέ μ᾽ ἐπιγράψας τάρσον ποδὸς εὔχεαι αὔτως.
νῦν δέ μ᾽ ἐπιγράψας ταρσὸν ποδὸς εὔχεαι αὔτως.

Tὰ δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ στοιχεῖα καλεῖται διὰ τὸ ἔχειν στοῖχόν τινα καὶ τάξιν.
They are also called elements (στοιχεῖα) from being in a certain series (στοιχός) or arrangement.

Τούτων φωνήεντα μέν εἰσιν ἑπτά, *α*, *ε*, *η*, *ι*, *ο*, *υ*, *ω*.
Of these letters, seven are /Vowels/: α, ε, η, ι, ο, υ, and ω.

φωνήεντα δὲ λέγεται, διότι φωνὴν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτῶν ἀποτελεῖ, οἷον *ἆ*, *ἦ*.
They are called vowels (φωνήεντα ) because they form a complete sound (φωνή ) by themselves.

Τῶν δὲ φωνηέντων μακρὰ μέν εἰσι δύο, *η* καὶ *ω*, βραχέα δὲ δύο, *ε* καὶ*ο*, δίχρονα δὲ τρία, *α*, *ι* καὶ *υ*.
Of the vowels, two are /long/, η and ω; two are short, ε and ο; and three are /doubtful/, α, ι, υ.

δίχρονα δὲ λέγεται, ἐπειδὴ ἐκτείνεται καί συστέλλεται.
They are called doubtful because they may be either lengthened or shortened.

Προτακτικὰ φωνήεντα πέντε, *α*, *ε*, *η*, *ο*, *ω*.
Five of the vowels are /prepositive/, α, ε, η, ο, ω.

προτακτικὰ δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι προτασσόμενα τοῦ ι καὶ υ συλλαβὴν ἀποτελεῖ, οἷον αι αυ.
They are called prepositive because, when placed before ι or υ, they form a syllable, as αι, αυ.

ὑποτακτικὰ δύο· ι καὶ υ.
Two are /subjunctive/, ι and υ.

καὶ τὸ υ δὲ ἐνιότε προτακτικόν ἐστι τοῦ ι, ὡς ἐν τῷ μυῖα καὶ ἅρπυια.
Υ is sometimes prepositive to ι, as in μυῖα, ἅρπυια, υἱός, and the like.

δίφθογγοι δέ εἰσιν ἕξ· αι αυ ει ευ οι ου.
There are six diphthongs, αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου.

Σύμφωνα δὲ τὰ λοιπὰ ἑπτακαίδεκα· β γ δ ζ θ κ λ μ ν ξ π ρ σ τ φ χ ψ.
The remaining seventeen letters are /Consonants/, β, γ, δ, ζ, θ, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, π, ρ, σ, τ, φ, χ, ψ.

σύμφωνα δὲ λέγονται, ὅτι αὐτὰ μὲν καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ φωνὴν οὐκ ἔχει, συντασσόμενα δὲ μετὰ τῶν φωνηέντων φωνὴν ἀποτελεῖ.
They are called consonants because by themselves they have no sound, but produce a sound only when they are combined with vowels.

τούτων ἡμίφωνα μέν ἐστιν ὀκτώ· ζ ξ ψ λ μ ν ρ σ.
Of the consonants, eight are /Semivowels/, ζ, ξ, ψ, λ, μ, ν, ρ, ς.

ἡμίφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι παρ᾽ ὅσον ἧττον τῶν φωνηέντων εὔφωνα καθέστηκεν ἔν τε τοῖς μυγμοῖς καὶ σιγμοῖς.
They are called semivowels because, being less easily sounded than the vowels, when attempted to be pronounced alone, they result in hisses and mumblings.

ἄφωνα δέ ἐστιν ἐννέα· β γ δ κ π τ θ φ χ.
There are nine /Mutes/, β, γ, δ, θ, κ, π, τ, φ, χ.

ἄφωνα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν κακόφωνα, ὥσπερ ἄφωνον λέγομεν τὸν τραγῳδὸν τὸν κακόφωνον.
They are called mutes because they are more disagreeable in sound than the others, just as we say that a tragedian with a disagreeable voice is mute (ἄφωνος = voiceless).

τούτων ψιλὰ μέν ἐστι τρία, κ π τ, δασέα τρία, θ φ χ, μέσα δὲ τούτων τρία, β γ δ.
Of these, three are /smooth/, κ, π, τ; three are /rough/, θ, φ, χ, and three are /medial/, β, γ, δ.

μέσα δὲ εἴρηται, ὅτι τῶν μὲν ψιλῶν ἐστι δασύτερα, τῶν δὲ δασέων ψιλότερα.
The last are called medials because they are rougher than the smooths, and smoother than the roughs.

καὶ ἔστι τὸ μὲν β μέσον τοῦ π καὶ φ, τὸ δὲ γ μέσον τοῦ κ καὶ χ, τὸ δὲ δ μέσον τοῦ θ καὶ τ.
And β is the medial between π and φ, γ between κ and χ, and δ between τ and θ.

ἀντιστοιχεῖ δὲ τὰ δασέα τοῖς ψιλοῖς, τῷ μὲν π τὸ φ, οὕτως·
The roughs stand related to the smooths thus:

ἀλλά μοι εἴφ᾽ ὅπῃ ἔσχες ἰὼν εὐεργέα νῆα
φ to π—ἀλλά μοι εἴφ’ ὅπῃ ἔσχες ἰὼν εὐεργέα νῆα·

Τῷ δὲ κ τὸ χ· αὐτίχ᾽ ὁ μὲν χλαῖνάν τε χιτῶνά τε ἕννυτ᾽ Ὀδυσσεύς ε 229
χ to κ—αὐτίχ’ ὁ μὲν χλαῖνάν τε χιτῶνά τε ἕννυτ’ Ὀδυσσεύς·

τὸ δὲ θ τῷ τ· ὣς ἔφαθ᾽· οἱ δ᾽ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ
θ to τ—ὣς ἔφαθ’, οἱ δ’ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ.

Ἔτι δὲ τῶν συμφώνων διπλᾶ μέν ἐστι τρία· ζ ξ ψ.
Again, of the consonants, three are /double/, ζ, ξ, ψ.

διπλᾶ δὲ εἴρηται, ὅτι ἓν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἐκ δύο συμφώνων σύγκειται, τὸ μὲν ζ ἐκ τοῦ σ καὶ δ, τὸ δὲ ξ ἐκ τοῦ κ καὶ σ, τὸ δὲ ψ ἐκ τοῦ π καὶ σ.
They are called double because each one of them is composed of two consonants, ζ of ς and δ, ξ of κ and σ, ψ of π and σ.

ἀμετάβολα τέσσαρα· λ μ ν ρ.
our are /unchangeable/.

ἀμετὰβολα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι οὐ μεταβάλλει ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσι τῶν ῥημάτων οὐδὲ ἐν ταῖς κλίσεσι τῶν ὀνομάτων.
They are called unchangeable because they do not change in the futures of verbs or the inflections of nouns.

τὰ δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ ὑγρὰ καλεῖται.
They are likewise called /liquids/.

Τελικὰ ἀρσενικῶν ὀνομάτων ἀνεπεκτάτων κατ᾽ εὐθεῖαν καὶ ἑνικὴν πτῶσιν στοιχεῖά ἐστι πέντε· ν ξ ρ σ ψ, οἷον Δίων Φοῖνιξ Νέστωρ Πάρις Πέλοψ.
The final elements of masculine nouns, in the nominative case, singular number, are five, ν, ξ, ρ, σ, ψ, as Δίων, Φοῖνιξ, Νέστωρ, Πάρις, Πέλοψ).

θηλυκῶν δὲ ὀκτώ· α η ω ν ξ ρ σ ψ, οἷον Μοῦσα Ἑλένη Κλειώ χελιδών ἕλιξ μήτηρ Θέτις λαῖλαψ.
of feminine nouns, eight, α, η, ω, ν, ξ, ρ, σ, ψ, as Μοῦσα, Ἑλένη, Κλειώ, χελιδών, ἕλιξ, μήτηρ, Θέτις, λαῖλαψ;

οὐδετέρων δὲ ἕξ· α ι ν ρ σ υ, οἷον ἅρμα μέλι δένδρον ὕδωρ δέπας δόρυ.
of neuters, six, α, ι, ν, ρ, σ, υ, as ἅρμα, μέλι, δένδρον, ὕδωρ, δέπας, δόρυ.

τινὲς δὲ προστιθέασι καὶ τὸ ο, οἷον ἄλλο. δυϊκῶν δὲ τρία· α ε ω, οἷον Ἀτρείδα Ἕκτορε φίλω.
Some add also ο, as in ἐκεῖνο, τοῦτο, ἄλλο.

δυϊκῶν δὲ τρία· α ε ω, οἷον Ἀτρείδα Ἕκτορε φίλω.
The final elements of duals are three, α, ε, ω, as Ἀτρείδα, Ἕκτορε, φίλω;

πληθυντικῶν δὲ τέσσαρα· ι σ α η, οἷον φίλοι Ἕκτορες βιβλία βέλη.
of plurals, four, ι, ς, α, η, as φίλοι, Ἕκτορες, βιβλία, βέλη.

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΥΛΛΑΒΗΣ.

On Syllables (συλλαβαί).

Συλλαβή ἐστι κυρίως σύλληψις συμφώνων μετὰ φωνήεντος ἢ φωνηέντων, οἷον καρ, βοῦς·
A Syllable is properly the combination of a vowel with a consonant or consonants, as Κᾶρ, βοῦς.

καταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ ἡ ἐξ ἑνὸς φωνήεντος, οἷον α η.
Improperly we speak of a syllable as composed of a single vowel, as ἆ, ἦ.

ΠΕΡΙ ΜΑΚΡΑΣ ΣΥΛΛΑΒΗΣ.

On Long Syllables (μακραὶ συλλαβαί).

Μακρὰ συλλαβὴ γίνεται κατὰ τρόπους ὀκτώ, φύσει μὲν τρεῖς, θέσει δὲ πέντε.
A long syllable may come about in eight ways, three by nature and five by position:

καὶ φύσει μὲν ἤτοι ὅτ᾽ ἂν διὰ τῶν μακρῶν στοιχείων ἐκφέρηται, οἷον ἥρως· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἔχῃ ἕν τι τῶν διχρόνων κατ᾽ ἔκτασιν παραλαμβανόμενον, οἷον Ἄρης· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἔχῃ μίαν τῶν διφθόγγων, οἷον Αἴας.
by nature, when it is represented by the long elements, as ἥρως—or when one of the doubtful elements is assumed as long, as Ἄρης—or when it contains one of the diphthongs, as Αἴας;

θέσει δὲ ἤτοι ὅτ᾽ ἂν εἰς δύο σύμφωνα λήγῃ, οἷον ἅλς· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν βραχεῖ ἢ βραχυνομένῳ φωνήεντι ἐπιφέρηται δύο σύμφωνα, οἷον ἀγρός· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν εἰς ἁπλοῦν σύμφωνον λήγῃ καὶ τὴν ἑξῆς ἔχῃ ἀπὸ συμφώνου ἀρχομένην, οἷον ἔργον· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν διπλοῦν σύμφωνον ἐπιφέρηται, οἷον ἔξω· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν διπλοῦν σύμφωνον λήγῃ, οἷον ἅπαξ.
by position, either when it ends in two consonants, as ἅλς—or when a short or shortened vowel is followed by two consonants, as ἀργός—or when it ends in a single consonant and the next syllable begins with a consonant, as ἔργον—or when it is followed by a double consonant, as ἔξω—or when it ends in a double consonant, as ἅπαξ.

ΠΕΡΙ ΒΡΑΧΕΙΑΣ ΣΥΛΛΑΒΗΣ.

On Short Syllables (βραχεῖαι συλλαβαί).

Βραχεῖα συλλαβὴ γίνεται κατὰ τρόπους δύο, ἤτοι ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἔχῃ ἕν τι τῶν φύσει βραχέων, οἷον βρέφος· ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἔχῃ ἕν τι τῶν διχρόνων κατὰ συστολὴν παραλαμβανόμενον, οἷον Ἄρης.
A syllable becomes short in two ways, either when it contains a vowel naturally short, as βρέφος—or when it has a doubtful vowel assumed as short, as Ἄρης.

ΠΕΡΙ ΚΟΙΝΗΣ ΣΥΛΛΑΒΗΣ.

On Common Syllables (κοιναὶ συλλαβαί).

Κοινὴ συλλαβὴ γίνεται κατὰ τρόπους τρεῖς, ἤτοι ὅτ᾽ ἂν εἰς φωνῆεν μακρὸν λήγῃ καὶ τὴν ἑξῆς ἔχῃ ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἀρχομένην, οἷον
A syllable is common in three ways, either when it ends in a long vowel while the next syllable begins with a vowel, as

ὔ τί μοι αἰτίη ἐσσί· θεοί νύ μοι αἴτιοί εἰσιν
Οὐτί μοι αἰτίη ἐσσί· θεοί νύ μοι αἴτιοί εἰσιν—

ἢ ὅτἂν βραχεῖ ἢ βραχυνομένῳ φωνήεντι ἐπιφέρηται δύο σύμφωνα, ὧν τὸ μὲν δεύτερον ἀμετάβολον, τὸ δὲ ἡγούμενον καθ᾽ ἓν ἄφωνόν ἐστιν, οἷον
or when a shortened vowel is followed by two consonants, whereof the latter is an unchangeable, while the former is by itself a mute, as

Πάτροκλέ μοι δειλῇ πλεῖστον κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ·
Πάτροκλέ μοι δειλῇ πλεῖστον κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ—

ἢ ὅτ᾽ ἂν βραχεῖα οὖσα καταπεραιοῖ εἰς μέρος λόγου καὶ τὴν ἑξῆς ἔχῃ ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἀρχομένην, οἷον
or when, being short, it stands at the end of a part of speech and the next syllable begins with a vowel, as

Νέστορα δ᾽ οὐκ ἔλαθεν ἰαχὴ πίνοντά περ ἔμπης.
Νέστορα δ’ οὐκ ἔλαθεν ἰαχὴ πίνοντά περ ἔμπης.

ΠΕΡΙ ΛΕΞΕΩΣ.

On the Word (λέξις).

Λέξις ἐστὶ μέρος ἐλάχιστον τοῦ κατὰ σύνταξιν λόγου.
A Word is the smallest part of an ordered sentence.

ΠΕΡΙ ΛΟΓΟΥ.

On the Sentence (λόγος).

Λόγος δέ ἐστι πεζῆς λέξεως σύνθεσις διάνοιαν αὐτοτελῆ δηλοῦσα.
A Sentence is combination of words, either in prose or in verse, making complete sense.

Τοῦ δὲ λόγου μέρη ἐστὶν ὀκτώ· ὄνομα, ῥῆμα, μετοχή, ἄρθρον, ἀντωνυμία, πρόθεσις, ἐπίρρημα, σύνδεσμος.
There are eight parts of speech: Noun, Verb, Participle, Article, Pronoun, Preposition, Adverb, and Conjunction.

ἡ γὰρ προσηγορία ὡς εἶδος τῷ ὀνόματι ὑποβέβληται.
The proper noun, as a species, is subordinate to the noun.

ΠΕΡΙ ΟΝΟΜΑΤΟΣ.

On the Noun (ὄνομα).

Ὄνομά ἐστι μέρος λόγου πτωτικόν, σῶμα ἢ πρᾶγμα σημαῖνον, σῶμα μὲν οἷον λίθος, πρᾶγμα δὲ οἷον παιδεία, κοινῶς τε καὶ ἰδίως λεγόμενον, κοινῶς μὲν οἷον ἄνθρωπος ἵππος, ἰδίως δὲ οἷον Σωκράτης.
A Noun is a declinable part of speech, signifying something either concrete or abstract (concrete, as stone; abstract, as education); common or proper (common, as man, horse; proper, as Socrates, Plato).

παρέπεται δὲ τῷ ὀνόματι πέντε· γένη, εἴδη, σχήματα, ἀριθμοί, πτώσεις.
It has five accidents: genders, species, forms, numbers, and cases.

Γένη μὲν οὖν εἰσι τρία· ἀρσενικόν, θηλυκόν, οὐδέτερον.
There are three /Genders/, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.

ἔνιοι δὲ προστιθέασι τούτοις ἄλλα δύο, κοινόν τε καὶ ἐπίκοινον, κοινὸν μὲν οἷον ἵππος κύων, ἐπίκοινον δὲ οἷον χελιδών ἀετός.
Some add to these two more, the common and the epicene—common, as man, horse; epicene, as swallow, eagle.

Εἴδη δέ δύο, πρωτότυπον καὶ παράγωγον.
There are two /Species/ of nouns, the primitive and the derivative.

πρωτότυπον μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ κατὰ τὴν πρώτην θέσιν λεχθέν, οἷον Γῆ.
A primitive noun is one which is said according to original imposition, as γῆ (earth);

παράγωνον δὲ τὸ ἀφ᾽ ἑτέρου τὴν γένεσιν ἐχηκός, οἷον Γαιήιος.
a derivative noun is one which derives its origin from another noun, as γαιήιος (earthborn).

Εἴδη δὲ παραγώνων ἐστὶν ἑπτά· πατρωνυμικόν, κτητικόν, συγκριτικόν, ὑπερθετικόν, ὑποκοριστικόν, παρώνυμον, ῥηματικόν.
There are seven classes of derivatives: Patronymics, Possessives, Comparatives, Diminutives, Nominals, Superlatives, and Verbals.

Πατρωνυμικὸν μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ κυρίως ἀπό πατρὸς ἐσχηματισμένον, καταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ προγόνων, οἷον Πηλείδης, Αἰακίδης ὁ Ἀχιλλεύς.
A /Patronymic/ is properly a noun formed from the name of a father, improperly a noun formed from the name of another ancestor, e.g., Achilleus is called both Peleides and Aiakides.

- τύποι δὲ τῶν πατρωνυμικῶν ἀρσενικῶν μὲν τρεῖς, ὁ εἰς δης, ὁ εἰς ων, ὁ εἰς αδιος, οἷον Ἀτρείδης, Ἀτρείων, καὶ ὁ τῶν Αἰολέων ἴδιος τύπος Ὑρράδιος· Ὕρρα γὰρ παῖς ὁ Πιττακός.
Of masculine patronymics there are three forms, one in δης, one in ων and one in άδιος—e.g. Atreion, Atreides, and the form peculiar to the Æolians, Hyrradios.

θηλυκῶν δὲ οἱ ἴσοι τρεῖς, ὁ εἰς ις, οἷον Πριαμίς, καὶ ὁ εἰς ας, οἷον Πελιάς, καὶ ὁ εἰς νη, οἷον Ἀδρηστίνη.
Of feminine patronymics there are likewise three forms, one in ις, as Priamis; one in ας, as Pelias; one in νη, as Adrastinê.

ἀπὸ δὲ μητέρων οὐ σχηματίζει πατρωνυμικὸν εἶδος ὁ Ὅμηρος, ἀλλ᾽ οἱ νεώτεροι.
From the names of mothers, Homer forms no species of patronymics; later authors do.

Κτητικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν κτῆσιν πεπτωκός, ἐμπεριειλημμένου τοῦ κτήτορος, οἷον Νηλήϊοι, ἵπποι, Ἑκτόρεος χιτών, Πλατωνικὸν βιβλίον.
A /Possessive/ is a noun which denotes possession and includes the possessor, as Νηλήιαι ἵπποι (Neleian mares), Ἑκτόρεος χιτών (Hektorean robe), Πλατωνικὸν βιβλίον (Platonic book).

Συγκριτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τὴν σύγκρισις ἔχον ἑνὸς πρὸς ἕνα ὁμοιογενῆ, ὡς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἀνδρειότερος Αἴαντος, ἢ ἑνὸς πρὸς πολλοὺς ἑτερογενεῖς, ὡς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἀνδρειότερος τῶν Τρώων.
A /Comparative/ is a noun making a comparison of one individual with another individual of the same genus, e.g. Achilleus /braver/ than Aias; or of one individual with many of a different genus, e.g. Achilleus /braver/ than the Trojans.

τῶν δὲ συγκριτικῶν τύποι εἰσὶ τρεῖς, ὁ εἰς τερος, οἷον ὀξύτερος βραδύτερος, καὶ ὁ εἰς ων καθαρός, οἷον βελτίων καλλίων, καὶ ὁ εἰς ων, οἷον κρείσσων ἥσσων.
Of comparatives there are three forms, one in τερος, as ὀξύτερος, βραδύτερος; one in ων pure, as βελτίων, καλλίων; one in σων, as κρείσσων, ἦσσων.

Παρώνυμον δέ ἐστι τὸ παρ᾽ ὄνομα ποιηθέν, οἷον Θέων, Τρύφων.
A /Superlative/ is a noun used to express the superiority, of one individual over many in a comparison.

τύποι δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰσι δύο, ὁ εἰς τατος, οἷον ὀξύτατος βραδύτατος, καὶ ὁ εἰς τος, οἷον ἄριστος μέγιστος.
There are two forms of it, one in τατος, as ὀξύτατος, βραδύτατος; and one in στος, as μέγιστος, ἄριστος.

Ὑποκοριστικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ μείωσιν τοῦ πρωτοτύπου ἀσυγκρίτως δηλοῦν, οἷον ἀνθρωπίσκος λίθαξ μειρακύλλιον.
A /Diminutive/ is a noun expressing a diminution of the primitive word without comparison, as ἀνθρωπίσκος (mannikin), λίθαξ (stonelet), μειρακύλλιον (stripling).

Ῥηματικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ ῥήματος παρηγμένον, οἷον Φιλήμων Νοήμων.
A /Verbal/ is a noun derived from a verb, as Philemon, Noëmon.

Σχήματα δὲ ὀνομάτων ἐστὶ τρία· ἁπλοῦν, σύνθετον, παρασύνθετον· ἁπλοῦν μὲν οἷον Μέμνων, σύνθετον δὲ οἷον Ἀγαμέμνων, παρασύνθετον δὲ οἷον Ἀγαμεμνονίδης, Φιλιππίδης.
There are three /Forms/ of nouns, simple, compound, and super-compound—simple, as Memnon; compound, as Agamemnon; super-compound, as Agamemnonides, Philippides.

- τῶν δὲ συνθέτων διαφοραί εἰσι τέσσαρες.
Of compounds there are four kinds;

ἃ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν εἰσιν ἐκ δύο τελείων, ὡς Χειρίσοφος, ἃ δὲ ἐκ δύο ἀπολειπόντων, ὡς Σοφοκλῆς, ἃ δὲ ἐξ ἀπολείποντος καὶ τελείου, ὡς Φιλόδημος, ἃ δὲ ἐκ τελείου καὶ ἀπολείποντος, ὡς Περικλῆς.
those compounded of two complete words, as Cheirisophos; those compounded of two incomplete words, as Sophokles; those compounded of an incomplete and a complete word, as Philodemos; and those compounded of a complete word and an incomplete, as Periklês.

Ἀριθμοὶ τρεῖς· ἑνικός, δυϊκός, πληθυντικός· ἑνικὸς μὲν ὁ Ὅμηρος, δυϊκὸς δὲ τὼ Ὁμήρω, πληθυντικὸς δὲ οἱ Ὅμηροι.
There are three /Numbers/, singular, dual, and plural; singular, as Ὅμηρος (Homer); dual, as τὼ Ὁμήρω (both Homers); plural, as Ὅμηροι (Homers).

- εἰσὶ δέ τινες ἑνικοὶ χαρακτῆρες καὶ κατὰ πολλῶν λεγόμενοι, οἷον δῆμος χορός ὄχλος· καὶ πληθυντικοὶ κατὰ ἑνικῶν τε καὶ δυϊκῶν, ἑνικῶν μὲν ὡς Ἀθῆναι Θῆβαι, δυϊκῶν δὲ ὡς ἀμφότεροι.
There are some singular designations used of plural objects, as δῆμος (people), χορός (chorus); and plural designations used of singular and dual objects — of singular, as Ἀθῆναι, Θῆβαι (Athens, Thebes) — of dual, as ἀμφότεροι (both).

Πτώσεις ὀνομάτων εἰσὶ πέντε· ὀρθή, γενική, δοτική, αἰτιατική, κλητική.
There are five /Cases/, the right, the generic, the dative, the accusative, and the vocative.

λέγεται δὲ ἡ μὲν ὀρθὴ ὀνομαστικὴ καὶ εὐθεῖα, ἡ δὲ γενικὴ κτητική τε καὶ πατρική, ἡ δὲ δοτικὴ ἐπισταλτική, ἡ δὲ αἰτιατικὴ κατ᾽ αἰτιατικήν, ἡ δὲ κλητικὴ προσαγορευτική.
The right case is called also the nominative and the direct; the generic, the possessive, and the patrial; the dative, the injunctive; while the accusative is named from /cause/, and the vocative is called the allocutive.

Ὑποπέπτωκε δὲ τῷ ὀνόματι ταῦτα, ἃ καὶ αὐτὰ εἴδη προσαγορεύεται· κύριον, προσηγορικόν, ἐπίθετον, πρός τι ἔχον, ὡς πρός τι ἔχον, ὁμώνυμον, συνώνυμον, διώνυμον, ἐπώνυμον, ἐθνικόν, ἐρωτηματικόν, ἀόριστον, ἀναφορικὸν ὃ καὶ ὁμοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, περιληπτικόν, ἐπιμεριζόμενον, περιεκτικόν, πεποιημένον, γενικόν, ἰδικόν, τακτικόν, ἀριθμητικόν, ἀπολελυμένον, μετουσιαστικόν.
The following terms, expressive of accidents belonging to the noun, are also called /Species:/ proper, appellative, adjective, relative, quasi-relative, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, indefinite, anaphoric (also called assimilative, demonstrative, and retributive), collective, distributive, inclusive, onomatopoetic, general, special, ordinal, numeral, participative, independent.

Κύριον μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ τὴν ἰδίαν οὐσίαν σημαῖνον, οἷον Ὅμηρος Σωκράτης.
A /Proper/ noun is one signifying a peculiar substance, as Homer, Sokrates.

Προσηγορικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τὴν κοινὴν οὐσίαν σημαῖνον, οἷον ἄνθρωπος ἵππος.
An /Appellative/ is one that signifies a common substance, as /man/, /horse/.

Ἐπίθετον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἐπὶ κυρίων ἢ προσηγορικῶν ὁμωνύμως τιθέμενον καὶ δηλοῦν ἔπαινον ἢ ψόγον.
An /Adjective/ noun is one that is applied homonymously to proper or appellative nouns, and signifies either praise or blame.

λαμβάνεται δὲ τριχῶς, ἀπὸ ψυχῆς, ἀπὸ σώματος, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκτός· ἀπὸ μὲν ψυχῆς ὡς σώφρων ἀκόλαστος, ἀπό δὲ σώματος ὡς ταχύς βραδύς, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐκτὸς ὡς πλούσιος πένης.
It is derived from three sources, from the soul, the body, and external things: from the soul, as /sage/, /licentious;/ from the body, as /swift/, /slow;/ from external things, as /rich/, /poor/.

Πρός τι ἔχον δέ ἐστιν ὡς πατήρ υἱός φίλος δεξιός.
A /Relative/ noun is such as /father/, /son/, /friend/, /right/ (hand).

Ὡς πρός τι ἔχον δέ ἐστιν ὡς νύξ, ἡμέρα, θάνατος, ζωή.
A /quasi-Relative/ is such as /night/, /day/, /death/, /life/.

Ὁμώνυμον δέ ἐστιν ὄνομα τὸ κατὰ πολλῶν ὁμωνύμως τιθέμενον, οἷον ἐπὶ μὲν κυρίων, ὡς Αἴας ὁ Τελαμώνιος καὶ Αἴας ὁ Ἰλέως, ἐπὶ δὲ προσηγορικῶν, ὡς μῦς θαλάσσιος καὶ μῦς γηγενής.
A /Homonym/ is a noun predicated homonymously of many things, as of proper nouns, e.g. /Telamonian Aias/, /Oïlean Aias;/ of aplative nouns, as /sea/-mouse, /land/-mouse.

Συνώνυμον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἐν διαφόροις ὀνόμασι τὸ αὐτὸ δηλοῦν, οἷον ἄορ ξίφος μάχαιρα σπάθη φάσγανον.
A /Synonym/ is a noun which, by several designations, signifies the same thing, as /glaive/, /sword/, /bludgeon/, /blade/, /brand/.

Φερώνυμον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀπό τινος συμβεβηκότος τεθέν, ὡς Τισαμενός καὶ Μεγαπένθης.
A /Pheronym/ is a name given from some accident, as /Tisamenos/ and /Megapenthes/.

Διώνυμον δέ ἐστιν ὀνόματα δύο καθ᾽ ἑνὸς κυρίου τεταγμένα, οἷον Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ καὶ Πάρις, οὐκ ἀναστρέφοντος τοῦ λόγου· οὐ γάρ, εἴ τις Ἀλέξανδρος, οὗτος καὶ Πάρις.
A /Dionym/ is a couple of names applied to the same proper noun, as Alexander and Paris, without there being any reciprocity in their signification; e. g., if one is Alexander, it does not follow that he is Paris.

Ἐπώνυμον δέ ἐστιν, ὃ καὶ διώνυμον καλεῖται, τὸ μεθ᾽ ἑτέρου κυρίου καθ᾽ ἑνὸς λεγόμενον, ὡς Ἐνοσίχθων ὁ Ποσειδῶν καὶ Φοῖβος ὁ Ἀπόλλων.
An /Eponym/ (also called Dionym) is a noun which, along with another proper noun, is applied to one object, as Poseidón is called Enosichthon, and Apollo, Phœbos.

Ἐθνικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἔθνους δηλωτικόν, ὡς Φρύξ Γαλάτης.
A /National/ name is one showing to what nation an individual belongs, as Phrygian, Galatian.

Ἐρωτηματικὸν δέ ἐστιν, ὃ καὶ πευστικὸν καλεῖται, τὸ κατ᾽ ἐρώτησιν λεγόμενον, οἷον τίς ποῖος πόσος πηλίκος.
An /Interrogative/ (also called an Inquisitive) is so called from being employed in interrogations, as τίς; (who?)—ποῖος; (of what sort?)—πόσος; (how great?)—πηλίκος; (how old?)

Ἀόριστον δέ ἐστι τὸ τῷ ἐρωτηματικῷ ἐναντίως λεγόμενον, οἷον ὅστις ὁποῖος ὁπόσος ὁπηλίκος.
An /Indefinite/ is a noun placed in opposition to an Interrogative, as ὅστις (whosoever), ὁποῖος (of whatever sort), ὁπόσος (however great), ὁπηλίκος (of whatever age).

Ἀναφορικὸν δέ ἐστιν, ὃ καὶ ὁνοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, τὸ ὁμοίωσιν σημαῖνον, οἷον τοιοῦτος τοσοῦτος τηλικοῦτος.
An /Anaphoric/ noun (called also an Assimilative, a Demonstrative, or an Attributive) is one signifying similarity, as τοιοῦτος (as great), τηλικοῦτος (as old), τοιοῦτος (such).

Περιληπτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τῷ ἑνικῷ ἀριθμῷ πλῆθος σημαῖνον, οἷον δῆμος χορός ὄχλος.
A /Collective/ noun is one which, in the singular number, signifies a multitude, e. g. δῆμος (people), χορός (chorus), ὄχλος (crowd).

Ἐπιμεριζόμενον δέ ἐστι τὸ ἐκ δύο ἢ καὶ πλειόνων ἐπὶ ἓν ἔχον τὴν ἀναφοράν, οἷον ἑκάτερος ἕκαστος.
A /Distributive/ noun is one having a relation to one out of two or more, as ἕτερος (the other), ἑκάτερος (each), ἕκαστος (every one).

Περιεκτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἐμφαῖνον ἐν ἑαυτῷ τι περιεχόμενον, οἷον δαφνών παρθενών.
An /Inclusive/ noun is one that shows what is contained in it, as δαφνών (laurel-grove), παρθενών (virgin's abode).

Πεποιημένον δέ ἐστι τὸ παρὰ τὰς τῶν ἤχων ἰδιότητας μιμητικῶς εἰρημένον, οἷον φλοῖσβος ῥοῖζος ὀρυγμαδός.
An /Onomatopoetic/ noun is one formed imitatively from the peculiarities of sounds, as φλοῖσβος (dashing), ῥοῖζος (whistling), ὀρυμαγδός (rattle).

Γενικὸν δέ ἐστὶ τὸ δυνάμενον εἰς πολλὰ εἴδη διαιρεθῆναι, οἷον ζῶον φυτόν.
A /General/ noun is one that can be divided into a number of species, as /animal/, /plant/.

Εἰδικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἐκ τοῦ γένους διαιρεθέν, οἷον βοῦς ἵππος ἄμπελος ἐλαία.
A /Special/ noun is one of those into which a genus is divided, e.g. /ox/, /horse/; /vine/, /olive/.

Τακτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τάξιν δηλοῦν, οἷον πρῶτος δεύτερος τρίτος.
An /Ordinal/ is a noun showing order, as /first/, /second/, /third/.

Ἀριθμητικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἀριθμὸν σημαῖνον, οἷον εἷς δύο τρεῖς.
A /Numeral/ is a noun signifying number, as /one/, /two/, /three/.

Ἀπολελυμένον δέ ἐστιν ὃ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὸ νοεῖται, οἷον θεός λόγος.
A /Participative/ is a noun partaking of a certain substance, as /golden/, /silvern/.

Τοῦ δὲ ὀνόματος διαθέσεις εἰσὶ δύο, ἐνέργεια καὶ πάθος· ἐνέργεια μὲν ὡς κριτής ὁ κρίνων, πάθος δὲ ὡς κριτός ὁ κρινόμενος.
The /Dispositions/ of the noun are two, Activity and Passivity; Activity, as /the judge/, /the judging/; Passivity, as /judgeable/, /the judged/.

ΠΕΡΙ ΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ.

On the Verb (ῥῆμα).

Ῥῆμά ἐστι λέξις ἄπτωτος, ἐπιδεκτικὴ χρόνων τε καὶ προσώπων καὶ ἀριθμῶν, ἐνέργειαν ἢ πάθος παριστᾶσα.
A Verb is an indeclinable word, indicating time, person and number, and showing activity or passivity.

παρέπεται δὲ τῷ ῥήματι ὀκτώ, ἐγκλίσεις, διαθέσεις, εἴδη, σχήματα, ἀριθμοί, πρόσωπα, χρόνοι, συζυγίαι.
The verb has eight accidents: Moods, Dispositions (voices!), Species, Forms, Numbers, Tenses, Persons, Conjugations.

ἐγκλίσεις μὲν οὖν εἰσι πέντε, ὁριστική, προστακτική, εὐκτική, ὑποτακτική, ἀπαρέμφατος.
There are five /Moods/: Indicative, Imperative, Optative, Subjunctive, and Infinitive.

διαθέσεις εἰσὶ τρεῖς, ἐνέργεια, πάθος, μεσότης· ἐνέργεια μὲν οἷον τύπτω, πάθος δὲ οἷον τύπτομαι, μεσότης δὲ ἡ ποτὲ μὲν ἐνέργειαν ποτὲ δὲ πάθος παριστᾶσα, οἷον πέπηγα διέφθορα ἐποιησάμην ἐγραψάμην.
There are three /Dispositions/ : Activity, Passivity, and Mediality—Activity, as τύπτω (I strike); Passivity, as τύπτομαι (I am struck); Mediality, marking partly activity and partly passivity, as πέποιθα (I trust), διέφθορα (I waste), ἐποιησάμην (I became), ἐγραψάμην (I registered).

εἴδη δὲ δύο, πρωτότυπον καὶ παράγωγον· πρωτότυπον μὲν οἷον ἄρδω, παράγωγον δὲ οἷον ἀρδεύω.
There are two /Species:/ Primitive and Derivative—Primitive, as ἄρδω; Derivative, as ἀρδεύω.

σχήματα τρία, ἁπλοῦν, σύνθετον, παρασύνθετον· ἁπλοῦν μὲν οἷον φρονῶ, σύνθετον δὲ οἷον καταφρονῶ, παρασύνθετον δὲ οἷον ἀντιγονίζω φιλιππίζω.
There are three /Forms:/ Simple, Compound, and Super-Compound—Simple, as φρονῶ; Compound, as καταφρονῶ; Super-Compound, as ἀντιγονίζω (I Antigonize), φιλιππίζω (I Philippize).

ἀριθμοὶ τρεῖς, ἑνικός, δυϊκός, πληθυντικός· ἑνικὸς μὲν οἷον τύπτω, δυϊκὸς δὲ οἷον τύπτετον, πληθυντικὸς δὲ οἷον τύπτομεν.
There are three /Numbers:/ Singular, Dual, and Plural—Singular, as τύπτω; Dual, as τύπτετον Plural, as τύπτομεν.

πρώσοπα τρία, πρῶτον, δεύτερον, τρίτον· πρῶτον μὲν ἀφ᾽ οὗ ὁ λόγος, δεύτερον δὲ πρὸς ὃν ὁ λόγος, τρίτον δὲ περὶ οὗ ὁ λόγος.
There are three /Persons:/ First, Second, and Third. The First is the person /from/ whom the assertion is; the Second, the one /to/ whom it is; and the Third, the one /concerning/ whom it is.

χρόνοι τρεῖς, ἐνεστώς, παρεληλυθώς, μέλλων.
There are three /Tenses:/ Present, Past, Future.

τούτων ὁ παρεληλυθὼς ἔχει διαφορὰς τέσσαρας, παρατατικόν, παρακείμενον, ὑπερσυντέλικον, ἀόριστον· ὧν συγγένεια τρεῖς, ἐνεστῶτος πρὸς παρατατικόν, παρακειμένου πρὸς ὑπερσυντέλικον, ἀορίστου πρὸς μέλλοντα.
Of these, the Past has four sub-species—Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist—which stand in three respective relations: the Present is related to the Imperfect, the Perfect to the Pluperfect, and the Aorist to the Future.

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΥΖΥΓΙΑΣ.

On Conjugation (συζυγία).

Συζυγία ἐστὶν ἀκόλουθος ῥημάτων κλίσις.
Conjugation is the consecutive inflection of Verbs.

Εἰσὶ δὲ συζυγίαι βαρυτόνων μὲν ῥημάτων ἕξ, ὧν ἡ μὲν πρώτη ἐκφέρεται διὰ τοῦ β ἢ φ ἢ π ἢ πτ, οἷον λείβω +γράφω+ τέρπω κόπτω· ἡ δὲ δευτέρα διὰ τοῦ γ ἢ κ ἢ χ ἢ κτ, οἷον λέγω πλέκω τρέχω τίκτω· ἡ δὲ τρίτη διὰ τοῦ δ ἢ θ ἢ τ, οἷον ἄιδω πλήθο ἀνύτω· ἡ δὲ τετάρτη διὰ τοῦ ζ ἢ τῶν δύο σσ, οἷον φράζω, νύσσω, ὀρύσσω· ἡ δὲ πέμπτη διὰ τῶν τεσσάρων ἀμεταβόλων, λ μ ν ρ, οἷον πάλλω νέμω κρίνω σπείρω· ἡ δὲ ἕκτη διὰ καθαροῦ τοῦ ω, οἷον ἱππεύω πλέω βασιλεύω.
Of Barytone Verbs there are six conjugations, of which the First is characterized by β, φ, π, or πτ, as λείβω, γράφω, τέρπω, κόπτω; the Second by γ, κ, χ, or κτ, as λέγω, πλέκω, τρέχω, τίκτω; the Third by δ, θ, or τ, as ᾄδω, πλήθω, ἀνύτω; the Fourth by ζ or σσ, as φράζω, νύσσω, ὀρύσσω; the Fifth by the four unchangeables, λ, μ, ν, ρ, as πάλλω, νέμω; and the Sixth by a pure, as ἱππεύω, πλέω, βασιλεύω, ἀκούω.

τινὲς δὲ καὶ ἑβδόμην συζυγίαν εἰσάγουσιν διὰ τοῦ ξ καὶ ψ, οἷον ἀλέξω ἕψω.
Some also introduce a Seventh Conjugation, characterized by ξ and ψ, as ἀλέξω, ἕψω.

ΠΕΡΙ ΠΕΡΙΣΠΩΜΕΝΩΝ.

On Circumflexed Verbs (περισπώμενα).

Περισπωμένων δὲ ῥημάτων συζυγίαι εἰσὶ τρεῖς, ὧν ἡ μὲν πρώτη ἐκφέρεται ἐπὶ δευτέρου καὶ τρίτου προσώπου διὰ τῆς ει διφθόγγου, οἷον νοῶ νοεῖς νοεῖ· ἡ δὲ δευτέρα διὰ τῆς αι διφθόγγου, προσγραφομένου τοῦ ι, μὴ συνεκφωνουμένου δέ, οἷον βοῶ βοᾷς βοᾷ· ἡ δὲ τρίτη διὰ τῆς οι διφθόγγου, οἷον χρυσῶ χρυσοῖς χρυσοῖ.
Περισπωμένων δὲ ῥημάτων συζυγίαι εἰσὶ τρεῖς, ὧν ἡ μὲν πρώτη ἐκφέρεται ἐπὶ δευτέρου καὶ τρίτου προσώπου διὰ τῆς ει διφθόγγου, οἷον νοῶ νοεῖς νοεῖ· ἡ δὲ δευτέρα διὰ τῆς αι διφθόγγου, προσγραφομένου τοῦ ι, μὴ συνεκφωνουμένου δέ, οἷον βοῶ βοᾷς βοᾷ· ἡ δὲ τρίτη διὰ τῆς οι διφθόγγου, οἷον χρυσῶ χρυσοῖς χρυσοῖ.

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΕΙΣ ΜΙ.

On Verbs in μι (τὰ εἰς μι).

Τῶν δὲ εἰς μι ληγόντων ῥημάτων συζυγίαι εἰσὶ τέσσαρες, ὧν ἡ μὲν πρώτη ἐκφέρεται ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης τῶν περισπωμένων, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ τιθῶ γέγονε τίθημι· ἡ δὲ δευτέρα ἀπὸ τῆς δευτέρας, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱστῶ γέγονεν ἵστημι· ἡ δὲ τρίτη ἀπὸ τῆς τρίτης, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ διδῶ γέγονε δίδωμι· ἡ δὲ τετάρτη ἀπὸ τῆς ἕκτης τῶν βαρυτόνων, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ πηγνύω γέγονε πήγνυμι.
Of Verbs ending in μι there are four conjugations, of which the First is characterized from the first of the Circumflexed Conjugations, as from τιθῶ comes τίθημι; the Second from the second, as from ἱστῶ, ἵστημι; the Third from the third, as from διδῶ, δίδωμι; and the Fourth from the sixth of the Barytone Conjugations, as from πηγνύω, πήγνυμι.

ΠΕΡΙ ΜΕΤΟΧΗΣ.

On the Participle (μετοχή).

Μετοχή ἐστι λέξις μετέχουσα τῆς τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῆς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἰδιότητος.
A Participle is a word partaking of the nature both of nouns and verbs.

παρέπεται δὲ αὐτῇ ταὐτὰ ἃ καί τῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τῷ ῥήματι δίχα προσώπων τε καὶ ἐγκλίσεων.
It has all the accidents which belong to nouns as well as those which belong to verbs, except mood and person.

ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΘΡΟΥ.

On the Article (ἄρθρον).

Ἄρθρον ἐστὶ μέρος λόγου πτωτικόν, προτασσόμενον +καὶ+ ὑποτασσόμενον τῆς κλίσεως τῶν ὀνομάτων.
An Article is a declinable part of speech prefixed or subjoined to the various cases of nouns,

καὶ ἔστι προτακτικὸν μὲν ὁ, ὑποτακτικὸν δὲ ὅς.
taking, when prefixed, the form ὁ, and, when subjoined, the form ὅς.

παρέπεται δὲ αὐτῷ τρία· γένη, ἀριθμοί, πτώσεις.
It has three accidents: Gender, Number, and Case.

γένη μὲν οὖν εἰσι τρία· ὁ ποιητής, ἡ ποίησις, τὸ ποίημα.
The /Genders/ are three, as ὁ ποιητής, ἡ ποίησις, τὸ ποίημα.

ἀριθμοὶ τρεῖς· +ἑνικός+, δυϊκός, πληθυντικός· ἑνικὸς μὲν ὁ ἡ τό, δυϊκὸς δὲ τώ τά +, πληθυντικὸς δὲ οἱ αἱ τά.
The /Numbers/ are three: Singular, Dual, and Plural—Singular, as ὁ, ἡ, τό; Dual, as τώ, τά; Plural, as οἱ, αἱ, τά.

πτώσεις δὲ ὁ τοῦ τῷ τόν ὦ, +ἡ τῆς τῇ τήν ὦ.
The /Cases/ are—ὁ, τοῦ, τῷ, τόν, ὦ; ἡ, τῆς, τῇ, τήν, ὦ; τό, τοῦ, τῷ, τό, ὦ.

ΠΕΡΙ ΑΝΤΩΝΥΜΙΑΣ.

On the Pronoun (ἀντωνυμία).

Ἀντωνυμία ἐστὶ λέξις ἀντὶ ὀνόματος παραλαμβανομένη, προσώπων ὡρισμένων δηλωτική.
A Pronoun is a word assumed instead of a noun, and indicating definite persons.

Παρέπεται δὲ τῇ ἀντωνυμίαι ἕξ· πρόσωπα, γένη, ἀριθμοί, πτώσεις, σχήματα, εἴδη.
It has six accidents: Person, Gender, Number, Case, Form, and Species.

ΠΕΡΙ ΠΡΩΤΟΤΥΠΩΝ.

On Primitive Pronouns.

Πρόσωπα πρωτοτύπων μὲν ἐγώ σύ ἵ, παραγώγων δὲ ἐμός σός ὅς.
The /Persons/ of the Primitive Pronouns are ἐνώ , σύ, ἴ; those of the Derivative Pronouns, ἐμός, σός, ὅς.

Γένη τῶν μὲν πρωτοτύπων διὰ μὲν τῆς φωνῆς οὐ διακρίνεται, διὰ δὲ τῆς ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν δείξεως, οἷον ἐγώ· τῶν δὲ παραγώγων, οἷον ὁ ἐμός ἡ ἐμή τὸ ἐμόν.
The /Genders/ of the Primitive Pronouns are not expressed in speech, but by the indication which they make, as ἐγώ (I), whereas the Genders of the Derivatives are expressed in speech, as ὁ ἐμός, ἡ ἐμή, τὸ ἐμόν.

ἀριθμοὶ πρωτοτύπων μὲν ἑνικὸς ἐγώ σύ ἵ, δυϊκὸς νῶϊ σφῶϊ, πληθυντικὸς ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς σφεῖς· παραγώγων δὲ ἑκινὸς ἐμός σός ὅς, δυϊκὸς ἐμώ σώ ὥ, πληθυντικὸς ἐμοί σοί οἵ.
The /Numbers/ of the Primitives are—Singular, ἐγώ, σύ, ἴ; Dual, νῶϊ, σφῶϊ; Plural, ἡμεῖς, ὑμεῖς, σφεῖς: those of the Derivatives—Singular, ἐμός, σός, ὅς; Dual, ἐμώ, σώ, ὥ; Plural, ἐμοί, σοί, οἵ.

πτώσεις πρωτοτύπων μὲν ὀρθῆς ἐγώ σύ ἵ, γενικῆς ἐμοῦ σοῦ οὗ, δοτικῆς ἐμοί σοί οἷ, αἰτιατικῆς ἐμέ σέ ἕ, κλητικῆς σύ· παραγώγων δὲ ἐμός σός ὅς, γενικῆς ἐμοῦ σοῦ οὗ, δοτικῆς ἐμῷ σῷ ᾧ, αἰτιατικῆς ἐμόν σόν ὅν.
The /Cases/ of the Primitives are—Direct, ἐγώ, σύ, ἴ; Generic, ἐμοῦ, σοῦ, οὗ; Dative, ἐμοί, σοί, οἷ; Accusative, ἐμέ, σέ, ἕ; Vocative, σύ: those of the Derivatives are ἐμός, σός, ὅς; ἐμοῦ, σοῦ, οὗ; ἐμῷ, σῷ, ᾧ· ἐμόν, σόν, ὅν.

σχήματα δύο, ἁπλοῦν, σύνθετον· ἁπλοῦν μὲν οἷον ἐμοῦ σοῦ οὗ, σύνθετον δὲ ἐμαυτοῦ σαυτοῦ αὑτοῦ.
There are two /Forms:/ Simple and Compound—Simple, ἐμοῦ, σοῦ, οὗ; Compound, ἐμαυτοῦ, σαυτοῦ, ἑαυτοῦ.

εἴδη δέ, ὅτι αἱ μέν εἰσι πρωτότυποι, ὡς ἐγώ σύ ἵ, αἱ δὲ παράγωγοι, ὡς πᾶσαι αἱ κτητικαί, αἳ καὶ διπρόσωποι καλοῦνται.
There are two /Species/, inasmuch as some are Primitive, as ἐγώ, σύ, ἴ, and others Derivative, as are all the Possessives, which are also called Bi-personals.

παράγονται δὲ οὗτως· ἀπὸ μὲν ἑνικῶν αἱ ἕνα κτήτορα δηλοῦσαι, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὁ ἐμός· ἀπὸ δὲ δυϊκῶν αἱ δύο, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ νῶϊ νωΐτερος· ἀπὸ δὲ πληθυντικῶν αἱ πολλούς, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡμεῖς ἡμέτερος.
They are thus derived—from Singulars, those designating one possessor, as ἐμοῦ, ἐμός; from Duals, those designating two, as from νῶϊ, νωίτερος; from Plurals, those designating many, as from ἡμεῖς, ἡμέτερος.

τῶν δὲ ἀντωνυμιῶν αἱ μέν εἰσιν ἀσύναρθροι, αἱ δὲ σύναρθροι· ἀσύναρθροι μὲν οἷον ἐγώ, σύναρθροι δὲ οἷον ὁ ἐμός.
Of the Pronouns, some are [used] without the article and some with it—without the article, as ἐγώ; with the article, as ὁ ἐμός.

ΠΕΡΙ ΠΡΟΘΕΣΕΩΣ.

On Prepositions (πρόθεσις).

Πρόθεσίς ἐστι λέξις προτιθεμένη πάντων τῶν τοῦ λόγου μερῶν ἔν τε συνθέσει καὶ συντάξει.
A Preposition is a word placed before any of the parts of speech, both in Composition and in Syntax.

εἰσὶ δὲ αἱ πᾶσαι προθέσεις ὀκτὼ καὶ δέκα, ὧν μονοσύλλαβοι μὲν ἕξ· ἐν, εἰς, ἐξ, σύν, πρό, πρός, αἵτινες οὐκ ἀναστρέφονται· δισύλλαβοι δὲ δύο καὶ δέκα, ἀνά, κατά, διά, μετά, παρά, ἀντί, ἐπί, περί, ἀμφί, ἀπό, ὑπό, ὑπέρ.
The number of Prepositions is eighteen, whereof six are monosyllabic, ἐν , εἰς , ἔξ , πρό , πρός , σύν —which are incapable of anastrophé—and twelve are dissyllabic, ἀνά, κατά, διά, μετά, παρά, ἀντί, ἐπί, περί, ἀμφί, ἀπό, ὑπό, ὑπέρ.

ΠΕΡΙ ΕΠΙΡΡΗΜΑΤΟΣ.

On the Adverb (ἐπίῤῥημα).

Ἐπίρρημά ἐστι μέρος λόγου ἄκλιτον, κατὰ ῥήματος λεγόμενον ἢ ἐπιλεγόμενον ῥήματι.
An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech, said of a verb or added to a verb.

Τῶν δὲ ἐπιρρημάτων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἁπλᾶ, τὰ δὲ σύνθετα· ἁπλᾶ μὲν ὡς πάλαι, σύνθετα δὲ ὡς πρόπαλαι.
Of the Adverbs, some are Simple, and others Compound—Simple, as πάλαι; Compound, as πρόπαλαι.

Τὰ δὲ χρόνου δηλωτικά, οἷον νῦν τότε αὖθις· τούτοις δὲ ὡς εἴδη ὑποτακτέον τὰ καιροῦ παραστατικά, οἷον, σήμερον, αὔριον, τόφρα, τέως, πηνίκα.
Some are indicative of time, as νῦν, τότε, αὖθις: to these we must subordinate as species those that connote particular times or seasons, as σήμερον, αὔριον, τόφρα, τέως, πηνίκα.

τὰ δὲ μεσότητος, οἷον, καλῶς, σοφῶς.
Some indicate manner, as καλῶς, σοφῶς, δυνατῶς;

τὰ δὲ ποιότητος, οἷον πύξ, λάξ, βοτρυδόν,ἀγεληδόν.
some, quality, as πύξ, λάξ, βοτρυδόν, ἀγεληδόν;

τὰ δὲ ποσότητος, οἷον πολλάκις ὀλιγάκις.
some, quantity, as πολλάκις, ὀλιγάκις, μυριάκις;

τὰ δὲ ἀριθμοῦ δηλωτικά, οἷον δίς τρίς τετράκις.
some, number, as δίς, τρίς, τετράκις;

τὰ δὲ τοπικά, οἷον ἄνω κάτω· ὧν σχέσεις εἰσὶ τρεῖς, ἡ ἐν τόπῳ, ἡ εἰς τόπον, ἡ ἐκ τόπου, οἷον οἴκοι οἴκαδε οἴκοθεν.
some, place, as ἄνω, κάτω—of these there are three kinds, those signifying /in/ a place, those signifying /to/ a place, and those signifying /from/ a place, as οἴκοι, οἴκαδε, οἴκοθεν.

τὰ δὲ εὐχῆς σημαντικά, οἷον εἴθε αἴθε ἄβαλε.
Some Adverbs signify a wish, as εἴθε, αἴθε, ἄβαλε;

τὰ δὲ σχετλιαστικά, οἷον παπαῖ ἰού φεῦ.
some express horror, as παπαί, ἰού, φεῦ;

τὰ δὲ ἀρνήσεως ἢ ἀποφάσεως, οἷον, οὔ, οὐχί, οὐδῆτα, οὐδαμῶς.
some, denial or negation, as οὔ, οὐχί, οὐ δῆτα, οὐδαμῶς;

τὰ δὲ συγκαταθέσεως, οἷον, ναί, ναίχι.
some, agreement, as ναί, ναίχι;

τὰ δὲ ἀπαγορεύσεως, οἷον, μή, μηδῆτα, μηδαμῶς.
some, prohibition, as μή, μὴ δῆτα, μηδαμῶς;

τὰ δὲ παραβολῆς ἢ ὁμοιώσεως, οἷον, ὡς, ὥσπερ, ἠΰτε, καθάπερ.
some, comparison or similarity, as ὥς, ὥσπερ, ἠΰτε, καθά, καθάτερ ;

τὰ δὲ θαυμαστικά, οἷον, βαβαῖ.
some, surprise, as βαβαί;

τὰ δὲ εἰκασμοῦ, οἷον, ἴσως, τάχα, τυχόν.
some, probability, as ἴσως, τάχα, τυχόν;

τὰ δὲ τάξεως, οἷον, ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς, χωρίς.
some, order, as ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς, χωρίς;

τὰ δὲ ἀθροίσεως, οἷον, ἄρδην, ἅμα, ἤλιθα.
some, congregation, as ἄρδην, ἅμα, ἤλιθα;

τὰ δὲ παρακελεύσεως, οἷον, εἶα, ἄγε, φέρε.
some, command, as εἶα, ἄγε, φέρε;

τὰ δὲ συγκρίσεως, οἷον, μᾶλλον, ἧττον.
some, comparison, as μᾶλλον, ἦττον;

τὰ δὲ ἐρωτήσεως, οἷον, πόθεν, πηνίκα, πῶς.
some, interrogation, as πόθεν, ποῦ, πηνίκα, πῶς;

τὰ δὲ ἐπιτάσεως, οἷον, λίαν, σφόδρα, πάνυ, ἄγαν, μάλιστα.
some, vehemence, as σφόδρα, ἄγαν, πάνυ, μάλιστα;

τὰ δὲ συλλήψεως, οἷον, ἅμα, ὁμοῦ, ἄμυδις.
some, coincidence, as ἅμα, ὁμοῦ, ἄμυδις;

τὰ δὲ ἀπωμοτικά, οἷον, μά.
some are deprecative, as μά;

τὰ δὲ κατωμοτικά, οἷον, νή.
some are asseverative, as νή;

τὰ δὲ βεβαιώσεως, οἷον, δηλαδή.
some are positive, as ἀγνωστέον, γραπτέον, πλευστέον;

τὰ δὲ θετικά, οἷον, γαμητέον, πλευστέον.
some express ratification, as δηλαδή;

τὰ δὲ θειασμοῦ, οἷον, εὐοἵ, εὔἁν.
and some enthusiasm, as εὐοῖ, εὐάν.

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΥΝΔΕΣΜΩΝ.

On Conjunctions (σύνδεσμος).

Σύνδεσμός ἐστι λέξις συνδέουσα διάνοιαν μετὰ τάξεως καὶ τὸ τῆς ἑρμηνείας κεχηνὸς δηλοῦσα.
A Conjunction is a word binding together a thought in order and filling up the hiatuses of speech.

Τῶν δὲ συνδέσμων οἱ μέν εἰσι συμπλεκτικοί, οἱ δὲ διαζευκτικοί, οἱ δὲ συναπτικοί, οἱ δὲ παρασυναπτικοί, οἱ δὲ αἰτιολογικοί, οἱ δὲ +ἀπορρηματικοί+, οἱ δὲ συλλογιστικοί, οἱ δὲ παραπληρωματικοί.
Of conjunctions, some are copulative, some disjunctive, some conjunctive, some præter-conjunctive, some causative, some dubitative, some conclusive, and some expletive.

Καὶ συμπλεκτικοὶ μὲν εἰσιν ὅσοι τὴν ἑρμηνείαν ἐπ᾽ ἄπειρον ἐκφερομένην συνδέουσιν.
/Copulative/ Conjunctions are those which bind together a discourse which flows on indefinitely:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· μέν, δέ, τέ, καί, ἀλλά, ἠμέν, ἠδέ, ἰδέ, ἀτάρ, αὐτάρ, ἤτοι, κέν, ἄν.
they are these, μέν, δέ, τέ, καί, ἀλλά, ἠμέν, ἠδέ, ἀτάρ, αὐτάρ, ἤτοι.

διαζευκτικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι τὴν μὲν φράσιν ἐπισυνδέουσιν, ἀπὸ δὲ πράγματος εἰς πρᾶγμα διιστᾶσιν.
/Disjunctive/ Conjunctions are those which bind the phrase more firmly together, and disjoin the facts expressed:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· ἤ, ἤτοι, ἠέ.
they are these, ἤ, ἤτοι, ἠέ.

συναπτικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι ὕπαρξιν μὲν οὐ δηλοῦσι, σημαίνουσι δὲ ἀκολουθίαν.
/Conjunctive/ Conjunctions are those which do not indicate any actual existence, but signify sequence:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· εἴ, εἴπερ, εἰδή, εἰδήπερ.
they are these, εἰ, εἴπερ, εἰδή, εἰδήπερ.

παρασυναπτικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι μεθ᾽ ὑπάρξεως καὶ τάξιν δηλοῦσιν.
The /Præter-conjunctives/ are those which, along with actual existence, show also order:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· ἐπεί ἐπείπερ ἐπειδή ἐδειδήπερ.
they are these, ἐπεί, ἐπείπερ, ἐπειδή, ἐπειδήπερ.

αἰτιολογικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι ἐπ᾽ ἀποδόσει αἰτίας ἕνεκεν παραλαμβάνονται.
/Causatives/ are those which are taken to express cause:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· ἵνα, ὄφρα, ὅπως, ἕνεκα, οὕνεκα, διὅ, διὅτι, καθ᾽ ὅ, καθ᾽ ὅτι, καθ᾽ ὅσον.
they are these, ἵνα, ὄφρα, ὅπως, ἕνεκα, οὕνεκα, ὅτι, διό, διότι, καθό, καθότι, καθόσον.

ἀπορρηματικοὶ+ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι ἐπαποροῦντες εἰώθασι συνδεῖν.
/Dubitatives/ are those which we are wont to use when we are in doubt;

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· ἆρα, κᾶτα, μῶν.
they are these, ἆρα, κἆτα, μῶν.

συλλογιστικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι πρὸς τὰς ἐπιφοράς τε καὶ συλλήψεις τῶν ἀποδείξεων εὖ διάκεινται.
/Inferentials/ are those which lend themselves readily to conclusions and summings-up of demonstrations:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· ἄρα ἀλλά ἀλλαμήν, τοίνυν, τοιγάρτοι, τοιγαροῦν.
they are these, ἄρα, ἀλλά, ἀλλὰ μέν, τοίνυν, τοιγάρτοι, τοιγαροῦν.

παραπληρωματικοὶ δέ εἰσιν ὅσοι μέτρου ἢ κόσμου ἕνεκεν παραλαμβάνονται.
/Expletives/ are those which are used for the sake of metre or ornament:

εἰσὶ δὲ οἵδε· δή, ῥά, νύ, ποῦ, τοί, θήν, ἄρ, δῆτα, πέρ, πώ, μήν, ἄν, αὖ, νῦν, οὖν, κέν, γέ.
they are these, δή, ῥά, νύ, ποῦ, τοί, θήν, ἄρ, δῆτα, πέρ, πώ, μήν, ἄν, αὖ, οὖν, κέν, γέ.

τινὲς δὲ προστιθέασι καὶ ἐναντιωματικούς, οἷον, ἔμπης, ὅμως.
Some persons add also /Adversatives/, as ἔμπης, ὅμως.